Employment in Bankruptcy

Home / Practices / Employment in Bankruptcy
All practices
Labor and EmploymentBankruptcy

Employment issues in bankruptcy: we advise debtors, creditors, and acquirers on WARN Act notice, rejecting collective bargaining agreements, employee priority claims, and workforce transitions when a company is in distress.

When a company runs out of cash, its employees become both a liability and a claim, and the Bankruptcy Code rewrites the usual rules. We advise debtors, creditors, and acquirers on the employment side of insolvency, including WARN Act exposure, collective bargaining agreements, employee priority claims, and how the workforce moves through a sale or wind-down. The goal is to manage labor risk while the rest of the restructuring plays out.

WARN Act In Bankruptcy

Filing for bankruptcy does not erase WARN Act obligations, and a botched plant-closing or mass-layoff notice can saddle the estate with priority claims. We advise on notice timing, the faltering company and unforeseeable business circumstances exceptions, and how to structure a sale or closure to limit WARN liability. We also defend WARN claims when employees argue notice was inadequate or came too late.

Collective Bargaining Agreements

A debtor cannot simply walk away from a union contract; Section 1113 imposes a demanding process before a court will let a collective bargaining agreement be rejected or modified. We guide employers through the required proposals, information exchange, and good-faith bargaining, and we represent parties at the hearing. We also advise on the parallel rules for modifying retiree benefits under Section 1114.

Employee Priority Claims

Unpaid wages, commissions, and benefit contributions do not all sit at the bottom of the stack; the Code grants employees priority up to a statutory cap. We help employers calculate and treat these claims correctly, and we represent employees and benefit funds asserting priority. Getting the priority analysis right shapes both the plan of reorganization and how much cash the estate must reserve.

Sales And Workforce Transitions

Most distressed businesses are sold, often as assets free and clear under Section 363, and the buyer wants the people without the legacy liabilities. We structure workforce transitions in these sales, advising on which employees to hire, how to handle accrued obligations, and whether successor liability or WARN duties attach. We keep the deal moving so the buyer gets a functioning team and the estate gets paid.

Frequently asked questions

It can try, but only through Section 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code. The debtor has to make a proposal to the union, share the relevant financial information, bargain in good faith, and then convince the court the changes are necessary for reorganization. The court won't approve rejection if the employer skipped the negotiation steps.

Wage and benefit claims get priority treatment, but only up to statutory caps. Wages earned in the 180 days before filing are entitled to priority up to a set per-employee limit, and anything above that cap drops to a general unsecured claim. So employees usually recover more than ordinary creditors, but not always everything they're owed.

Generally yes. Bankruptcy doesn't excuse WARN notice, though courts disagree on how far the unforeseeable-business-circumstances exception stretches. A WARN violation can be treated as an administrative expense, which moves it ahead of most other claims and gives the estate a strong reason to comply.

Expect questions about whether health coverage continues, how pension obligations are treated, and whether retiree benefits can be modified, which Section 1114 governs with its own process. COBRA compliance, severance obligations, and whether to assume or reject key-employee retention agreements all come into play too. Each of these is handled separately under the Code, so they need to be tracked individually.

Section 503(c) sharply limits retention payments to insiders. To pay a key executive to stay, the company generally has to get court approval and show the payment is essential and that the executive has a genuine competing job offer. Plain retention bonuses for insiders, with no competing offer, usually won't pass.

Our team

People in this practice

Document products

Related document products

Order attorney-drafted documents related to this practice.

Browse all products

Bring our employment in bankruptcy team to your next matter.

Get in touch